News 1 2023, Prototypes precision gears and shafts project, production and counseling: GSI Gears

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aprile 10, 2024 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Process FMEA analysis: failure prevention in gear industry

You will surely have been thinking about how to maximize quality and minimize risks several times, without having a precise answer. The adoption of the FMEA process analysis tool is the answer to this [...]

aprile 03, 2024 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

A simple guide to PPAP: what it is and how it works in the gear industry

Have you ever thought about how the gear industry maintains high standards of quality and compliance? At the heart of this process you will find the PPAP, or “Production Parts Approval [...]

marzo 20, 2024 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Power Skiving: revolutionizing gear manufacturing with cutting-edge technology

Have you ever wondered how the power skiving technology behind the production of high-precision gears impacts today's mechanical manufacturing? Power skiving establishes itself as a cutting-edge [...]

febbraio 27, 2024 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

ChamferCut: innovation in the chamfering of mechanical components

In the vast universe of mechanical manufacturing, how do we address the crucial challenge of innovating in the chamfering of mechanical components to ensure their quality and safety? The ChamferCut [...]

febbraio 20, 2024 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Gears coupling: an analysis of materials and their combinations

Gears coupling with different materials offers many opportunities to optimize the performance of motion transmission systems. The choice of gear materials is essential to ensure optimal performance, [...]

febbraio 14, 2024 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Ion nitriding: technological innovation to improve gear performance

Ion nitriding is an innovative process in metallurgy that has revolutionized gear manufacturing, offering significant improvements in their performance and durability. In this article, we explore what [...]

febbraio 06, 2024 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Gear polishing: for optimizing transmission performance

In mechanical engineering, gear polishing represents the pinnacle of precision for perfecting transmissions. This article delves into the delicate polishing process, revealing how to optimize toothed [...]

gennaio 31, 2024 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

K profile in gears: how to maximize performance in 2024

The K profile is today's focus, it is a crucial element for optimizing mechanical performance.It's about much more than just a label. We can define it as the ideal geometry that the gear teeth should [...]

gennaio 23, 2024 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Protecting gears from corrosion: GEOMET 321 coating as an effective solution?

Today we are talking about corrosion, an element that is a constant threat to gears, because their life and performance are at risk. In this context, the revolutionary GEOMET 321 coating comes to our [...]

gennaio 16, 2024 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Geometric profile control in gear manufacturing

With today's article we want to talk to you about the control of the geometric profile in the technical specifications of industrial products.Profile checking is a practice widely adopted in technical [...]

gennaio 09, 2024 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Innovation and sustainability for the future of the industry

The industrial landscape is constantly evolving, with the transition to electric motors and an increasing emphasis on sustainability. In this dynamic context, broaching continues to emerge as a [...]

gennaio 03, 2024 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Intelligent spur gear hobs: size optimization

In the complex world of spur gear manufacturing, the choice of hob size plays a crucial role.Here are some key factors to consider when choosing a maker:Cutting speed and feed: The cutting speed and [...]

dicembre 20, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

EDM: the right arm in gear prototyping

In the world of gears, prototyping proves essential to evolve and validate designs, requiring speed without compromising precision. EDM is the answer if you also have projects of this type. Using this [...]

dicembre 13, 2023 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Thoughts from Agritechnica 2023: exploring the sustainable future of industrial transmissions

Today I would like to talk to you about Agritechnica 2023 in Hannover, what I experienced was more than a simple sectoral event; it has been an exciting journey through the evolution of technology and [...]

dicembre 12, 2023 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Thoughts from Agritechnica 2023: exploring the sustainable future of industrial transmissions

Today I would like to talk about Agritechnica 2023 in Hannover, what I experienced was more than a simple sectoral event. It has been an exciting journey through the evolution of technology and [...]

novembre 29, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Hard chrome plating in toothed shafts: a technical study

Gears, fundamental elements in machinery, require a resistant surface to ensure efficiency and durability. Thick chrome plating, a galvanic process that deposits a layer of chrome on the toothed [...]

novembre 28, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Hard chrome plating in toothed shafts: a technical analysis

Gears, fundamental elements in machinery, require a resistant surface to ensure efficiency and durability. Hard chrome plating, a galvanic process that deposits a layer of chrome on the toothed [...]

novembre 21, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Guarantee of quality and reliability with non-destructive testing of the gears

In the fascinating world of mechanical engineering, non-destructive testing (NDT) represents a fundamental cornerstone in gear manufacturing and analysis. These checks, used to evaluate the quality [...]

novembre 14, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Tired of non-conformities? The contact ratio plays an important role for gears

Imagine a customer complaining because of the noise of his mechanical transmission system, coming to us for support. This is what happened a few days ago, after an in-depth technical analysis we [...]

novembre 08, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Involute meters in gears industry

Involute meters are vital tools in the gear industry, they were developed during 19th century, revolutionizing mechanical manufacturing through the standardization of the measurement of the geometric [...]

ottobre 10, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Micro-dents on gears: causes, effects, and prevention strategies

Gears play a fundamental role in various industrial applications, but even the tiniest surface imperfections, known as micro-dents, can have a significant impact on their efficiency and [...]

ottobre 04, 2023 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

What is the best strategy for finding customers in the metalworking sector?

Find new customers in the metalworking sector is a crucial objective for the success of any company. However, the common dilemma between direct scouting and attending fairs can be a difficult [...]

settembre 27, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Molykote® coating: innovative solutions in gear industry

In the gear industry, the quest for innovative solutions to enhance component performance and durability is constant. One of the treatments that has proven to make a difference is molykote® [...]

settembre 20, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Gears: How to choose the right material for your project in 2023

The choice of production materials is a critical phase in the realization of any project, especially when it comes to prototypes or new products. For this, today we delve into selecting the right [...]

settembre 12, 2023 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Reduction of production times through innovative strategies and approaches in the metalworking industry

In the aim of reducing gear production times, the design phase plays a fundamental role. An accurate and well thought out project can avoid costly mistakes and delays. Clarity and sharing of [...]

agosto 29, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Undercut management in gears: challenges and solutions for the engineering industry in 2023

In gear engineering, the concept of undercut emerges as a crucial but sometimes little-known element. Today we really want to shed light on this element and how it can affect the performance of the [...]

agosto 22, 2023 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Electric mobility: revolution or threat for gear manufacturers in 2023

Today, gear manufacturing industry is facing a crucial challenge: the transition to electric mobility. Technological evolution have always risen questions about how it could affect our industry, but [...]

agosto 09, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Micro-pitting: how to enhance your projects

Precision and reliability are extremely important in the world of gears; even the tiniest defect can have a substantial impact. Micro-pitting play a pivotal role in the integrity and performance of [...]

agosto 02, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Cleaning of mechanical components: procedures and advantages

Often underestimated, the cleaning of mechanical components is a fundamental process to ensure maximum efficiency, reliability, and longevity of mechanical systems. By removing unwanted particles and [...]

luglio 26, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Non-compliance: an opportunity to improve and build customers loyalty

Non-compliance can be turned into an opportunity for growth and learning, instead of being a challenge for many business. By dealing with these situations in a proactive and corrective way, it is [...]

luglio 18, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Herringbone gears: characteristics and applications

Herringbone gears are a type of spur gear with teeth arranged in a "V" shaped profile. These are also named double helix or double helical gear and are widely used in various industries. What are [...]

luglio 12, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Gear deburring and chamfering: Improved quality and performance

In today's article we want to address the topic of gear deburring and chamfering. These are critical to ensure component quality and performance. Their function is to remove imperfections, burrs and [...]

luglio 04, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Marking: the new frontier with the DataMatrix Code

Gears marking is a fundamental process to uniquely identify and provide essential information about parts' characteristics. This practice is done by engraving or stamping letters, numbers or symbols [...]

giugno 27, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Preventive maintenance of gears: effective strategies to extend their life

Preventive maintenance is critical to ensure long life and optimum gear performance. Implementing effective maintenance strategies can prevent costly breakdowns, reduce downtime, and optimize the [...]

giugno 21, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Gears burns: how to detect, prevent and ensure quality

TToday we analyze burns, a common problem in ground gears. These compromise its quality and performance. Let's have a look to how to identify, treat and prevent them. How do gears burns [...]

giugno 14, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Residual stresses: how to mitigate them to guarantee the quality of the machined parts

Residual stresses are a common phenomenon that can occur during machining processes. The internal ones remain in the material after being subjected to processes such as turning, hobbing or shaving. [...]

maggio 31, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Plastic gears: versatile, efficient and silent

Plastic gears are gaining more and more popularity as an alternative to traditional metal gears. Today we want to tell you about the opportunities offered by the production of plastic gears, the [...]

maggio 17, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Tip Relief: Material removal to reduce wear and noise in gears

The most common problem we have often talked about in other articles is to improve the performance of the gears in the projects of the customers who rely on us. Today we talk about tip relief, a [...]

maggio 03, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Polisch Grinding: definitive guide to improve strength and durability of gears

Today we talk about Polisch Grinding, a surface finishing technology used to reduce the friction of gears and increase the contact ratio of the gear surfaces. The process is performed as a final [...]

aprile 26, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Bevel gears: advantages and disadvantages of using them

Today we talk about hobbing and specifically about bevel gears. These are very important elements for the correct functioning of transmission parts. Like any component, it can present various problems [...]

aprile 19, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Shot peening: the solution to wear problems in gears

Today we would like to talk about a new topic linked to a very important finishing process such as shot peening. This technology helps improve the strength and life of the gears. Thanks to the [...]

marzo 29, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Equipment management: the importance of an in-depth study

Equipment management is a crucial aspect for any company operating in sectors that require mechanical or industrial production. Piece gripping equipment is essential for the success of a project, and [...]

marzo 22, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Did you loose the drawings of your helical gears? Let's see how to solve this problem in 2023

As manufacturers of helical gears, we often receive requests from our customers to produce parts with incomplete drawings. In these cases, detecting the geometry of the tooth can be very complicated [...]

marzo 14, 2023 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Gear Customization: Custom design and manufacturing

Gears are a critical part of many mechanical systems and their quality and accuracy can significantly affect overall system performance. Choosing to customize your own gears can be an ideal solution [...]

marzo 08, 2023 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Smart gears: how technology can improve the life and performance of machinery

Have you ever heard of smart gears?Gears are critical components of many machines and vehicles, but their function can be affected by failure or wear. Fortunately, this technology can help monitor [...]

marzo 01, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Satellite for medium-large power reducers: how it works and how it is built

Today's article is inspired by a piece we are dealing with these days and I take this opportunity to talk about its features and how it is built to ensure efficient and silent operation. We are [...]

febbraio 22, 2023 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Effective corporate offering: how to minimize risks and maximize opportunities

The offer development process is crucial for any business to achieve success. However, the greatest risk is to discover too late that the offer presented differs from the real needs of the customer. [...]

febbraio 14, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Thermal treatment of nitriding: characteristics and applications

Nitriding is a heat treatment that is performed on some types of steel to improve their resistance to fatigue and wear. Today, we will explore the specific characteristics of nitriding, the reference [...]

febbraio 08, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Gears for the gear motor department: the importance of quality

The gears are fundamental elements for the operation of the gearmotors and their quality directly affects the performance and life of the system. The quality of the gears depends on several factors, [...]

gennaio 31, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Induction hardening for gears

As you know GSI specializes in bespoke gears for industrial projects and today we are talking about induction hardening. It is one of the heat treatments we offer to ensure maximum hardness and wear [...]

gennaio 25, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Radial Oscillation: How to deal with noise problems in gears

Today we go back to talking about gear noise and we do it through radial oscillation. This is the radial position difference of a measuring ball between successive teeth. That is, it means that during [...]

gennaio 11, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

GEAR PROPELLER CROWNING: How to deal with gear noise in 2023

We start the new year with the intention of giving you more and more interesting and useful information to better understand the technical complexity behind the gears. Today we are talking about [...]

gennaio 04, 2023 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

How to understand the main involute values shown on the control chart

Understanding the main involute values shown on the control chart is essential to be able to prevent possible problems on series production. From the graph we can also identify the main errors or [...]

dicembre 28, 2022 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Some market trend data from Europe

Today I would like to pause our usual technical article and talk more about this year's changes for our industry. By now at the close of 2022, many projects for '23 are already in the pipeline, many [...]

dicembre 21, 2022 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

How to technically understand involute gears

Straight-toothed and involute gears are certainly the ones that are mostly used in the projects that are entrusted to us every day. The former are used to transmit power between parallel shafts. While [...]

dicembre 21, 2022 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Gear supplier or consultant?

Our work is changing profoundly, more and more often we find ourselves being consultants rather than mere executors of pieces. Even the engineering sector is starting to feel the need to specialize [...]

dicembre 13, 2022 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Gears: it's all about the envelope

Straight-toothed and involute gears are certainly the ones that are mostly used in the projects that are entrusted to us every day. The former are used to transmit power between parallel shafts. While [...]

novembre 29, 2022 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Gears correction: y-type, k-type, tip relief and semi topping

The topic of gear correction is among the hottest topics in our work. We recently received a request for a project where breakage and noise issues were repeating over and over again. The idea from [...]

novembre 16, 2022 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Involute gears and their measurement

Gears with involute profile have the peculiarity that motion transmission takes place between two conjugated profiles which exchange normal forces, except for small friction components. In a much less [...]

novembre 02, 2022 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Gage R&R and process capability

Measurement is an essential theme for the work of building custom gears. In particular, we want to tell you about a recent experience we have had, which has led us to reflect on the importance of [...]

ottobre 26, 2022 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

FMEA: the control tool for our projects

FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) is a fundamental tool in the engineering field, which allows you to analyze and prevent possible problems that could arise in a project. In a previous article [...]

ottobre 19, 2022 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Beveloid gear applied to marine sector

The Beveloid gear is a helical cylindrical gear with non-parallel axes but inclined up to 15°, for this reason it is very useful to apply them when a slight inclination of the axis of use is [...]

settembre 15, 2022 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Worm gear crown: all its particularities and how to control it

The worm gear is a very particular gear to be treated, in fact, not being regulated by law, each manufacturer has its own control specifications. You will understand well that therefore we are dealing [...]

agosto 31, 2022 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

How has the role of the sales department evolved in the mechanical transmission sector in 2022?

If you remember well a while ago we talked about how much our work has changed in recent times. Sales department must have the technical skills to be able to give targeted advice to the customer on [...]

agosto 24, 2022 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Is the customer always right in mechanics in 2022?

In these days we almost all return from holiday so I thought it was the right moment to tell you about a thorny topic for all salespeople. We grew up with the mentality that the customer should always [...]

agosto 11, 2022 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Sustainable development: how to adapt to global warming in the mechanical sector

Today we hear more and more of sustainable development and urgent issues that I believe affect us all firsthand. As a mechanical sector we have been hearing about emissions reduction and electric [...]

agosto 03, 2022 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

How to create, improve and maintain knowledge in mechanical sector in 2022

Have you ever wondered about which is the real value of your company? Often, from the inside we struggle to realize it, we are so busy managing the problems of daily routine that we never stop to [...]

luglio 28, 2022 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Subcontract or verticalize the work? Let's see how it was for us

Today, we would like to talk you about a process in which GSI has been involved in past months: subcontract the work or verticalize everything in the company? Obviously, there is no universally [...]

luglio 20, 2022 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Abnormal breakage of the crown for worm gearbox: here's how to solve the problem

We recently had to manage a very complex problem for one of our customers who produces worm gearboxes. The problem to manage was the breaking of the plastic crown of the initial project. The customer [...]

luglio 06, 2022 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

The importance of knowledge: here's how to generate, maintain and preserve it over time

Some time ago we talked about the importance of knowledge and in particular how we used technology to help our production sector. Today we want to tell you about what we did on a practical level in [...]

maggio 17, 2022 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Find out how to reduce the roughness on the profile of the gears and save the lot you owe by now for lost!

We often have to work on new projects and sometimes it can happen that we are faced with problems that are difficult to solve as in this case. It recently happened to us that a gear for the [...]

maggio 12, 2022 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Shot peening: how a surface finish can avoid fatigue stress cracking

The mechanical components are subject to atmospheric agents that wear them out. For this reason, a heat treatment usually comes into play to strengthen the piece. If you remember a while ago we talked [...]

febbraio 28, 2022 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Reverse engineering: we bring your unique pieces back to life

Why would you want to scrap a machine that could potentially still work for a broken gear? Surely there are many reasons to do it, but so are the reasons that push us to analyze this week's case [...]

dicembre 15, 2021 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Find out how to reduce the roughness on the profile of the gears and save the lot you owe by now for lost!

Often we have to work on unpublished projects and sometimes it can happen that we are faced with problems that are difficult to solve as in this case. It recently happened to us that a gear for the [...]

novembre 23, 2021 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Are you wondering why to carry out a statistical quality and process capacity check? I have the right solution for you ...

The final control and validation phase of the production process is one of the most critical of all prototyping. How many times does the salesman have the pressure of the customer who wants the pieces [...]

novembre 16, 2021 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Education and the world of work: when resources and companies are incompatible

In the past months, work has grown exponentially, we have had several employees who have retired or moved. Finding the perfect person especially in production is not easy. From before the summer, we [...]

novembre 03, 2021 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Gear deformation: the most frequent causes and the most useful solutions

Certainly, deformations are the worst enemy of gear manufacturers because in the worst case they lead to declare the piece scrap or even the whole lot. Recently, it happened to us that a shaft [...]

ottobre 27, 2021 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Increase in the prices of heat treatments? What to do?

A very important issue for those who work in mechanics and in the construction of components to be assembled is certainly that of heat treatment.If recently steel prices seem to have stabilized, it is [...]

ottobre 19, 2021 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

The customer is always right! 3 + 1 cases that happened to us and how we handled them

We have been taught that the customer is always right! In this article I have collected 3 + 1 cases of customers who are particularly difficult to manage. If many of us believe that our B2C colleagues [...]

ottobre 13, 2021 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

FMEA: an effective strategy to improve your control processes by optimizing time and resources

You have surely heard of FMEA and perhaps many of you have already implemented it for years. However, it seems interesting to me to address the issue to give you food for thought on how to optimize [...]

ottobre 05, 2021 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Cracks from gear grinding? Practical tips for managing control

Managing grinding cracks or better known overheating cracks is the order of the day for all of us gear manufacturers. To be honest it is also one of the most critical situations to be dealt with both [...]

settembre 28, 2021 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Guide to the optimization of production with power skiving

Surely one of the Achilles' heels of business is productivity and the question of every entrepreneur is how to optimize it at best?Often in this period we have experienced intense delays due to the [...]

settembre 22, 2021 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Guide to managing non-compliance: how to turn it into an advantage for your company?

Having to manage a non-compliance is always a very delicate moment, it often generates discontent in the customer. But, what if I told you that there is a way to turn a stressful situation into an [...]

settembre 14, 2021 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

How do you repare a broken gearbox without spending a fortune?

Repairing a broken gearbox without spending a fortune is not impossible, very often the parts which break are the internal gears. So why not just change those instead of buying back the whole [...]

agosto 26, 2021 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Gears for acricultural machinery: which direction is the market taking?

Lately, we hear a lot about the future of agricultural machinery gears and the direction in which the market is heading. From the end of 2020, the recovery scenario is clear. According to Machinery [...]

giugno 24, 2021 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Is verticalization equal to innovation? Is this always true?

In the last months, we often hear about a well-known American automotive company that has based its success on a very enterprising and, at the same time, risky all-vertical business model to pursue [...]

giugno 16, 2021 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Gears: are small and medium series always a disadvantage?

It is often believed that working on a small scale is not very profitable or disadvantageous, but in reality it is not always said, especially in the field of gears where the projects are varied and [...]

giugno 11, 2021 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Industry4.0: will 3D printing replace the traditional gear manufacturing?

In recent years we have often heard of revolution 4.0 and 3D printing for the production of components and tools in the mechanical field. Now, technology is evolving at great speed, on the one hand it [...]

maggio 27, 2021 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

The hydrogen engine: reality or fantasy?

The hydrogen engine is almost certainly a reality for the future for heavy and marine transport, while for cars, perhaps the disadvantages are still too many compared to the advantages. Analyzing the [...]

maggio 20, 2021 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Electric motor: will gears still be needed?

The electric motor is the new frontier of the automotive industry, but will gears still be needed? In recent months, we have heard more and more of electric mobility and sustainable development, which [...]

maggio 18, 2021 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

What does it mean to communicate with B2B or B2C?

What does it mean to communicate with B2B or B2C? Communicate [intransitive, transitive] to share or exchange information, news, ideas, feelings, etc. (See Oxford Dictionary)Starting from this [...]

maggio 12, 2021 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

How to take advantage of Digital Marketing in the world of mechanics

Mechanics and Digital Marketing two completely opposite worlds? Or can they meet and take advantage of each other? According to G.S.I. yes, the push of the last year has been important, because [...]

maggio 06, 2021 in LAST NEWS FROM MECHANICS

Why the price of steel is continuing to increase: circular economy

Circular economy is a topic that has been discussed a lot about in the last months, considered as one of the possible solutions to many of the environmental problems that afflict the Earth. Each type [...]

maggio 05, 2021 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

What is it Lean Production?

Walking through the production sheds of most of the small, medium and sometimes even large companies, you can see the machines 'of the past', which make you smile a little, especially when combined [...]

aprile 20, 2021 in MECHANICS IN PILLS

Spare partsfor old machine tools, earthmoving and construction machines

The world of spare gears for old machine tools, earthmoving and construction machines is an increasingly recurring and important issue for all those who work in the field of mechanics. Buying a [...]